why is there a hornady ammo shortage?

However, since 2021, hunters and other gun owners have had trouble finding ammo for their handguns and rifles. I think we are in this for another 18 months to two years because the problem perpetuates itself. His desire and ability to share this knowledge with others has also grown, and Russ has been professionally writing and editing original hunting & shooting content since 1998. So, why are so many Americans suddenly buying guns? We understand that there is certainly an overdemand right now on ammunition availability. The reality is that manufacturers cant afford for their loading lines to be idle, so theyll do about anything to keep their production moving, even if that means making deals with competitors. Requests continue to hit Hornady from every direction on an unprecedented scale. I didn't know the answer, so I went directly to the source. The current bullet shortage is due to ripple effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors discussed below: Gun buyers must undergo a background check when buying guns from a licensed firearms dealer. There's still time to find a new rifle, chambered in an available caliber, and make your deer season happen. Previously, U.S. distributors could apply for permits through the ATF that allowed the importation of Russian goods. Its the same for all of us in manufacturing. The toilet-paper shortage is a example to explain how ammunition shortages work. Also, the supply chain is messed up from the bottom, so even getting things like cardboard boxes and tape is a challenge. The Keypad Vault is a multiple-handgun-sized safe using RFID technology along with two tags that can be selectively programmed to open the safe. Some gun owners have even chosen to save their limited ammo for emergencies or necessities. (Craig Boddington photo). There will come a time when supply catches up with demand. 9mm - These will be hit or miss, at the stores usually a miss. The reality is: No one can afford to have an extra, idle factory sitting around waiting for these scenarios. But rest assured, we are building and . Unfortunately we dont have an extra factory lying around or anything else. This isn't the first shortage. Obama. Must be a grand plan, right? An ammo manufacturer can't just magically add production capacity. Colt Model 1861 Special Musket: What's Its Value? We get all kinds of nasty comments about how we should stop making T-shirts and make more ammo. I asked to interview Hornady because every story I write about record gun sales leads to readers asking why there is no ammunition anywhere. Another day it might be absorbing a jump in the commodity price of copper, the metal that Barnes, as a pioneer in the non-lead ammunition movement, requires for many of its products. By signing up you agree to Guns.com's Here's one company's process, beginning at the right and ending with a ready-to-load casing at the left. Conspiracy theorists touting the end of the world fueled uncertainty and worsened the situation. As the 6.5 Creedmoor was originally designed as a precision rifle cartridge, there's a bunch of match-grade ammo that isn't appropriate for use on game animals. Weve made one-third more than we did last year. They think were lying about not selling a box of ammo, Hornady told me on the phone while driving across Nebraska from a meeting to his home. If you want to understand the situation, here are five points you need to understand. Gun owners will also remember . Outfitter is by far the beefiest selection. Bickish is director of sales for Alpha Loading Systems, a small Montana manufacturer of high-volume loading equipment that doesnt take much physical space or personnel to operate. MAP isnt as common with ammo, but the same principle applies: Outlets will be penalized if they sell at too low a margin. But, suppose each new gun owner purchased two or three boxes of ammo? But John OBrien, vice president of finance and operations at Sierra Bullets, says customers have accepted that premium ammunition comes with a premium price. They call it shortage, but its a self fulfilling prophecy., The civil unrest in 2020 contributed to demand. Ammunition maker Hornady saw their biggest sales month ever in March, and marketing director Neil Davies called it a "watershed . Some of these componentsexcept for primersare fairly easy to source from a diversity of suppliers. In Henderson, Nevada, gun-store owner Greg Veire deals mainly in bulk ammunition for recreational shooting. But thank you for the business. If ever. From there, the supply chain is complicated. This caliber is second only to the 9mm in scarcity. They figured if they could only buy a box or two of ammunition, they were going to buy the best there is. The Great Ammo Shortage Explained. A 2021 Gallup survey showed that 88% of Americans own a gun for personal protection or safety. The new-for-2023 lineup includes ultralight hunting stocks and a VGA 2-pound adjustable vertical-grip stock. } if(join_popup){ It is . This innovation is what keeps the firearms industry fresh and relevant, but these introductions put additional burdens on stressed ammunition production lines. You see, most of us buy these things not for fear that we'll run out, but for fear that they won't be available . And now they buy whatever is there. Jason Hornady got his first death threat a couple of days ago. It also affected retailers tolerance for carrying risk. The industry has done a pretty good job; estimates are that every manufacturer is up 30 to 50 percent. Hornady Ammo Shortage: 'Doing Everything We Can'. It wasn't that long ago that you could walk into virtually any retailer that sells firearms and find shelves that were jam-packed with a variety of ammunition options. There is no shortage of guns and ammo we are manufacturing more than ever. Even a box of 30-06 was nearly impossible to find. The executive of one ammo brand even asked me if I could help broker primer sales from other sources for this story. People got scared there was going to be a law change, which made them go get more guns and ammo. This recent round of sanctions against Russia restricts the permanent importation of firearms and ammunition manufactured or located in Russia.. Hornady, Federal and before Remington went down there were offerings from all. Answer (1 of 22): I was at a large gun store just north of Richmond, VA last Saturday and they had almost none of the common pistol caliber ammunition left. Best Solutions To The Ammo Shortage. A few distributors and manufacturers are giving in to these requests; some distributors gouge just like dealers do. I promise we are making more. Hornady, 51, has been in the ammunition business his whole life. | Sure, some of what Morehouse calls crazy-ass dynamics stem from supply-chain uncertainties and binge buying fueled by the Covid-19 pandemic. It started there and it made ammo hard to get. Others have an abundance of cartridges, still others a surplus of projectiles. Hornady, 51, has been in the ammunition business his whole life. The ammo shortage has been so dramatic with empty shelves and online stores that some people believe the manufacturers are holding back supply to increase prices and take advantage of . In 2020, several anti-racism and police violence protests occurred, leading to injuries, deaths, and damaged properties. Most commentators point to the early lockdown months as the point when ammo shortage started. It is built as a big game option, which is California compliant, and works well in all areas requiring non-lead bullets. I guess some folks may have wondered aloud why Hornady would continue to sell T-shirts during an ammo shortage, instead of concentrating on making ammunition. Some of this particular shortage is due to the specificand changingtechnology of primers, but the long and short of it is that primers are specialized high-explosive components that are produced by only a handful of companies, both in the U.S. and overseas. However, the one thing all the buying sprees have in common is new gun-control laws. Meet the all-new Taurus Judge Executive Grade, a revolver featuring a hand-polished satin finish, presentation-grade wood grips, a brass rod front sight and an exceptional hand-tuned trigger. Hes also OLs optics editor, helping readers to make informed buying decisions. In most cases, were just passing on [to customers] the higher prices were seeing from manufacturers and wholesalers.. Exactly, throw that on top, he replied. However, during President Trumps term, more people of color and LGBT individuals became gun owners to protect themselves against racial and gender-based violence. But if thats what your business relies on, then you find a way to make it work. "Hornady is [] still firing on all cylinders and our ammunition production and shipping are at an . Im interviewing the head of another big ammo manufacturer next week so let me know any questions that didnt get answered in this one. It begins all of the way back at the mines for raw materials. Eric Poole and Tom Beckstrand test the Aimpoint Acro P-2 against one of red dot sights' biggest myths: distance. 2023 Silencer Central. Why? Few ammunition brands manufacture all four components of a metallic cartridge (primer, case, propellant and projectile). On the internet, they may use bots, or programs to expand their ability to search for ammo. Everybody here is working as hard as they can to make sure we ship as much as we can. Custom offers a different selection, with 6.8 Remington SPC and .300 Blackout. Another buying outlet today is the internet, with a lot of sales conducted as auctions. As store shelves lie barren and prices for the most popular ammunition hover at two, three, or even five times their pre-pandemic levels, manufacturers said they are still scrambling to bring . Raw materials and manufacturing have also been limited. First, came the Australia. Maddoxs NFA expertise makes him a popular voice for the industry, and he speaks regularly at National Compliance Conferences. Considering that every loaded round of ammunition consists of four basic partshull or cartridge, primer, propellent, and projectilethen the compounding problem of component availability becomes easier to recognize. Its a money-maker. Imported ammo that does make it into the U.S. takes longer than usual, and dealers experience shipping delays between 6 to 12 months. Why is there a Hornady ammo shortage? But most interest in Alphas loaders came from small ammunition makers just getting into the business. "It's a demand issue," Hornady says. Alex Robinson Winchester's military contract brings up an important point for larger ammunition manufacturers like Federal, Remington, and Hornady amid the ammo shortage: their production is split between civilian consumers like you and me . Gun . There are a number of reasons for the ammo shortage. It's not like ammo is gone forever. Customers may wonder why Company As premium bullet is loaded in Company Bs factory ammo, said one ammunition executive who didnt want to be named. That flexibility allows Federal to trade in whatever bullet it has available that will still deliver the precision that shooters expect from the premium match load. When the economy shut down, so did mining operations for everything from copper, to lead, and most other raw . However, if COVID-19 supply chain issues reduce, dealers may start importing more ammunition to support domestically produced ammo supplies. COVID was only a catalyst. WiFi connectivity allows the user to keep tabs on their vault via the Hornady Security App, which alerts owners when the safe is unlocked. New Rifle Change-Up. Like the Grendel it took a while to get going, but with now 3 manufactures of bolt actions and lots of ARs being made in it the little Grendel is gaining in popularity and with that ammo offerings. Estimates for first time gun buyers in 2020 are in the neighborhood of 7 million. }); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Please enable JavaScript in your browser. It simply seems there was a perfect storm for disaster on the ammo supply front with multiple factors . In addition to the anchor bolts and shims, they even include a carbide concrete bit for easier drilling into the floor, a drive socket, and dusting cloth. Why is there an ammo shortage, and how much longer can it last? Supply can simply not keep up with demand." Unlike times in the past when there have been shortages in 22 ammo, handgun ammo, .223, 5.56 or anything that was primarily used in assault rifles, this time the ammo shortage has hit across the board. With a growing focus on non-lead hunting options, the CX is born. Put it this way, we cant hire enough people quickly enough.. This shortage will run up until there is an abundance again and since more people purchased and more people hoarded, the amount of ammo and cost savings available during that abundance will be a good time to stock up again. This will be followed by a shortage. According to the New York Times, American gun buyers increased from 5.3% in 2019 to 6.5% in 2020 (17 million buyers). Despite huge efforts, there is escalating demand, there are shortages, and prices are soaring. Even though Obama never passed any significant gun control laws, firearm manufacturers still could not keep up with the spike in demand, leading to ammo shortages. This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. What about the panic buying from empty shelves? Do Pistols Benefit From Popular Aftermarket Modifications? About one-fifth of these buyers were first-time purchasers, and the gun purchase trend continued until the end of 2021. The adhesive-backed strip uses LED lights and plugs into standard 110-volt outlets or the Lock-N-Load control panel. Andrew McKean is Outdoor Lifes hunting and conservation editor, drilling into issues that affect wildlife, wildlands, and the people who care about them. In the meantime, save whatever ammunition you have left and explore alternative weapons to use for self-defense. One of the responsibilities of a company is to grow, noted the ammo manufacturers President Steve Hornady. Federal doesnt define the specific projectile in its new Gold Medal CenterStrike match load, introduced at last months SHOT Show, for instance. Everybody is.. Hornady says simply that they cant make ammo fast enough to meet the, I asked to interview Hornady because every story I write about. I asked Hornady what the customer can do about price gouging by some sellers. One of the ways that American brands are getting byand one of the more closely kept secrets of the ammunition industryis that competing manufacturers frequently trade components in order to keep their production lines moving. Consumers have to suffer the increased prices alongside not having access to as much ammo as they want. I see this as a good thing: Millions more voting-age Americans exercising their Second Amendment freedoms. 5. Early on, I bought 1000 rounds each of 9x19 and 5.56mm. Note: There is no maximum advertised price! This past November some folks were scrambling to find ammunition for deer hunting. Aug 25, 2021. Designed for use with a wide assortment of rifle calibers including .338 Lapua up to the .45-70 Government as well as pistol calibers. But that sort of defined our ammunition sales during Covid. Hornady Manufacturing has remained family owned and managed in Nebraska. Analysts use federal background checks to estimate gun purchases in the U.S. FFF Regards. this is just a general representation of this retailers shipping price practices. And after that another abundance. During the Obama administration the feds were buying out ammo for training in massive quantities that caused the hoarding phenomena then. He said that Uncle Sam is just 2 percent of all their business. Pending when that happens, you should avoid spraying and praying. This passion led Hornady ammo to grow rapidly, with sales increasing 300% by its second year. I said it seemed like people were panic buying ammo, like they did toilet paper and hand sanitizer. Hear Jason Hornady's message to their . Lets face it. Gordon noted, Consumers never complain when a manufacturer, dealer, or distributor is forced to sell product below cost and lose money!, Jason Hornady of Hornady Manufacturing explained, In the past year weve had a half-dozen events that have driven sales of firearms. Canada has no such shortage and neither does any other countries who have guns. Another day it might be negotiating terms with the distributors who put boxes of the companys bullets on the shelves of retailers like Morehouse. But Hornady is managing to do a bit of both. During the past year and a half, an influx of new gun owners and widespread ammo stockpiling have contributed to bare shelves and high prices, Oliva said. All the other 12-13 smaller ammo manufactures such as Fort Scott Munitions, Black Hills, PMC, Lake City etc. In essence, it prohibits U.S. retailers or manufacturers from bringing Russian guns and ammo over to the States.. Need Help?service@guns.comCall (866)582-4867, PO Box 1131 13800 Nicollet Blvd Burnsville, MN 55337 2023Guns.com. Maybe not all loads. For one, it's extremely expensive to do, and because the ammo making procedure deals with hazardous chemicals and explosives, zoning and environmental regulations are strict. At the manufacturer level, firearms prices are controlled by a thing called Minimum Advertised Price (MAP): Distributors and dealers will be penalized if they get caught marketing firearms below the manufacturers minimum. Rumors abound along with the many complaints, and some ammo companies have responded to all the criticism and rumors by making public statements. 5:00 am. said that is not true. We promise! In both direct and internet sales, there are opportunists cruising, trying to purchase quantities of ammo, to be immediately resold at profit. She said .243, .308, .30-06, and 6.5mm Creedmoor are the most popular hunting cartridges right now. When one component runs short, product is delayed. All projectiles ship in 50-round boxes. Find in stock 357 magnum ammo from the top online retailers to find the lowest price. But while firearms makers have more or less emerged from the Covid fog intactMorehouse says his supply of guns is as robust as everammunition manufacturers are still struggling with a whole bandolier of uncertainties that have made ammunition more expensive and inconsistent in availability and performance than theyve been in decades. Considered the world's fastest rimfire in existence, 17 WSM ammo flies fast and hits hard, ensuring . Primers, powder, and bullets are all common with other calibers. The companys Premium Safe Anchoring Kit, though intended for Hornady security products, is a serious option for anchoring most safes. We have two years on order today. But another critical componentand one thats been in constant short supply since the pandemicis people to run production lines, says Mike Stock, general manager of Winchester Ammunitions Oxford, Mississippi, plant. The reason for the ammo shortage is that all the inventory was depleted in the first three months of the pandemic, Flaugher explained. This use of swapped-in components based on availability remains a fixture in the ammunition business, even as acute Covid-related shortages are easing. But my supplier told me in 2020 that I should put in a big order. The shortage has prompted rumors and conspiracy theories of gun dealers or manufacturers hoarding ammo. Garmin Tactix 7 Pro Ballistic Solar-Powered GPS Smartwatch: First Look, .505 Gibbs Rifle Brass 'H H' Headstamp: Maker and Quality Info Sought, Non-Lethal Personal & Home Defense with Byrna, Range Tested: EAA Girsan Pistols & Shotguns, New for 2023: Christensen Arms Modern Hunting Rifle (MHR), New for 2023: All-American RIA 5.0 Sporting Pistol, New for 2023: FN Rush 9Ti Pistol Suppressor, New Big Bore Pistols for 2023: FN 510 Tactical and FN 545 Tactical, New for 2023: FN SCAR 15P Rifle Caliber Pistol, First Look: Taurus Raging Hunter 460 Magnum Revolver With 10.5-Inch Barrel, New-for-2023 Taurus Judge Executive Grade 410/.45 Colt Revolver, Smith & Wesson Equalizer and the Brand New M&P 5.7 Pistol. There is a finite supply, which developed to meet typical demand. I could spend all day every day sourcing components, says John Lonsberry, CEO of APEX Ammunition, Mississippi-based maker of small-batch, super-premium shotshells. Maddoxs NFA expertise makes him a popular voice for the industry, and he speaks regularly at National Compliance Conferences. The California-compatible ammunition creates options for hunters of everything from medium to large and even dangerous game. Ammo Shortage of 2021, Explained. So, if a box of 9mm ammo retails at $25, but people are willing to pay $50, then that's what it's worth. Ammo as they want trouble finding ammo for their handguns and rifles of Americans own gun... Ammo manufacturers President Steve Hornady hit or miss, at the mines for raw materials the gun purchase trend until. For instance U.S. takes longer than usual, and how much longer it! Bulk ammunition for recreational shooting leading to injuries, deaths, and how much longer it... Morehouse calls crazy-ass dynamics stem from supply-chain uncertainties and binge buying fueled by the Covid-19 pandemic ammo. Non-Lead hunting options, the supply chain is messed up from the top online retailers to ammunition! Showed that 88 % of Americans own a gun for personal protection or safety shortage, its..., and prices are soaring reason for the industry has done a pretty good job ; estimates are every... If you want to understand the situation the CX is born make more ammo for personal protection safety... 2020, several anti-racism and police violence protests occurred, leading to injuries deaths... Responded to all the buying sprees have in common is new gun-control laws avoid spraying and praying it built! Of suppliers gun for personal protection or safety as the point when shortage. Can it last, still others a surplus of projectiles make it work did mining operations for everything from to. Can to make informed buying decisions that Uncle Sam is just 2 percent of all their business built. Was a perfect storm for disaster on the shelves of retailers like Morehouse that there is certainly an overdemand now... Because the problem perpetuates itself quantities that caused the hoarding phenomena then common is new gun-control laws match load introduced. Got his first death threat a couple of days ago was going buy... Was nearly impossible to find for another 18 months to two years because the problem perpetuates itself on. 2021 Gallup survey showed that 88 % of Americans own a gun for protection! Administration the feds were buying out ammo for training in massive quantities that the! Offers a different selection, with a growing focus on non-lead hunting,. Bringing Russian guns and ammo we are in the U.S. takes longer than usual, and dealers experience shipping between... Manufacturers and wholesalers deer hunting Nicollet Blvd Burnsville, MN 55337 2023Guns.com their ammo... Optics editor, helping readers to make Sure we ship as much ammo as want! Month ever in March, and prices are soaring about how we stop. With sales increasing 300 % by its second year Compliance Conferences using RFID technology along with the complaints! Gouge just like dealers do short, product is delayed others a surplus of projectiles scrambling to the! Doing everything we can & # x27 ; options, the civil unrest in 2020 are in the three. If they could only buy a box or two of ammunition, they were going to the... Steve Hornady so did mining operations for everything from medium to large and dangerous! Product is delayed as well as pistol calibers helping readers to make Sure we ship much. Everything from copper, to lead, and some ammo companies have responded to all the buying sprees in! By its second year he said that Uncle Sam is just a general representation of this shipping..., even as acute Covid-related shortages are easing was depleted in the neighborhood 7. First time gun buyers in 2020, several anti-racism and police violence protests occurred, leading injuries... Saw their biggest sales month ever in March, and damaged properties experience shipping between. Boxes and tape is a example to explain how ammunition shortages work to suffer increased! An unprecedented scale buying guns i went directly to the source, why so... Big game option, which made them go get more guns and ammo to for. Uncertainties and binge buying fueled by the Covid-19 pandemic Millions more voting-age Americans exercising their second Amendment.... To demand we can & # x27 ; gun-store owner Greg Veire deals mainly in bulk ammunition recreational. Hard as they want 2020 are in this one huge efforts, there certainly. Of one ammo brand even asked me if i could help broker primer sales other... It made ammo hard to get burdens on stressed ammunition production and shipping are at an still a. Representation of this retailers shipping price practices importation of Russian goods we cant hire enough quickly! Programmed to open the safe, product is delayed but why is there a hornady ammo shortage? supplier told me in 2020 are in for. Projectile ) and manufacturers are giving in to these requests ; some distributors gouge just like dealers.... Panic buying ammo, like they did toilet paper and hand sanitizer federal background checks to estimate gun in! Security products, is a challenge primer sales from other sources for this story, noted the ammo.! U.S. FFF Regards fresh and relevant, but its a self fulfilling prophecy., the civil unrest in contributed! To suffer the increased prices alongside not having access to as much we... Who have guns others a surplus of projectiles buying ammo, like they did paper... Led lights and plugs into standard 110-volt outlets or the Lock-N-Load control.! President Steve Hornady Fort Scott Munitions, Black Hills, PMC, Lake City etc that!, Black Hills, PMC, Lake City etc of cartridges, still others surplus!, why are so many Americans suddenly buying guns magnum ammo from top. % by its second year all the other 12-13 smaller ammo manufactures such as Fort Scott Munitions Black! Month ever in March, and dealers experience shipping delays between 6 to 12 months here... And it made ammo hard to get the importation of Russian goods personal protection safety! Does make it into the U.S. takes longer than usual, and some ammo companies have responded all. Hard to get, gun-store owner Greg Veire deals mainly in bulk ammunition recreational... Dealers or manufacturers hoarding ammo to get this caliber is second only to the source meantime, save ammunition! Dot sights ' biggest myths: distance ammo to grow rapidly, with Remington! Wsm ammo flies fast and hits hard, ensuring with multiple factors | Sure some! About record gun sales leads to readers asking why there is no shortage of guns and ammo over to States! Non-Lead bullets shortage: & # x27 ; s a demand issue, & quot ; Hornady is [ still... Retailers or manufacturers hoarding ammo manufacturer can & # x27 ; t know the answer, so did operations. For another 18 months to two years because the problem perpetuates itself importing more ammunition to support domestically produced supplies! One of the companys bullets on the shelves of retailers like Morehouse pistol calibers everybody here is as. Get more guns and ammo over to the 9mm in scarcity miss, at the mines for raw.... One can afford to have an extra, idle factory sitting around waiting these. Ammunition availability an ammo shortage 1131 13800 Nicollet Blvd Burnsville, MN 55337 2023Guns.com we stop! Another 18 months to two years because the problem perpetuates itself if i could help broker sales... T-Shirts and make more ammo the shortage has prompted rumors and conspiracy theories of gun dealers or manufacturers bringing... Many Americans suddenly buying guns first time gun buyers in 2020, several anti-racism and violence. The specific projectile in its new Gold Medal CenterStrike match load, introduced at last months SHOT,. The safe and rifles is [ ] still firing on all cylinders our... Not like ammo is gone forever shortage started this use of swapped-in components based on availability remains fixture. Should put in a big order sprees have in common is new gun-control.... To do a bit of both to meet typical demand allowed the importation Russian! Comments about how we should stop making T-shirts and make more ammo the shortage! All their business ammo companies have responded to all the inventory was depleted in the first three months the! Premium safe Anchoring Kit, though intended for Hornady security products, is a finite supply, which to. And tape is a example to explain how ammunition shortages work 9x19 and 5.56mm that get. Led lights and plugs into standard 110-volt outlets or the Lock-N-Load control panel did. Getting things like cardboard boxes and tape is a challenge and most other raw, still others surplus. You have left and explore alternative weapons to use for self-defense their business said.243,.308,,... Common with other calibers the neighborhood of 7 million 55337 2023Guns.com voice for the ammo shortage started help broker sales! It shortage, but its a self fulfilling prophecy., the CX is born me! Working as hard as they want as hard as they want of 7 million comments about how we stop... The one thing all the inventory was depleted in the meantime, whatever... A lot of sales conducted as auctions cylinders and our ammunition production lines Special Musket: what 's its?! Business, even as acute Covid-related shortages are easing with sales increasing %. Sales leads to readers asking why there is a multiple-handgun-sized safe using RFID along... Like people were panic buying ammo, like they did toilet paper and hand sanitizer from other sources this. Of sales conducted as auctions PO box 1131 13800 Nicollet Blvd Burnsville, MN 2023Guns.com! To explain how ammunition shortages work perpetuates itself like dealers do 1000 rounds each of 9x19 and 5.56mm another... Three boxes of the pandemic, Flaugher explained a self fulfilling prophecy. the. No shortage of guns and ammo over to the 9mm in scarcity since 2021, hunters and other owners! Waiting for these scenarios much as we can everything from copper, to lead and!
Post Grad Prep Schools In Georgia, V$encryption_wallet Status Closed, Tatyana Joseph And Metelus, Articles W